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Guerrilla-paramilitary clashes in Bajo Cauca evolved since the 1990s, with demobilizations fueling new conflicts and criminal rivalries.

Colombia signed the Ottawa Treaty in 1997, but only in 2016 did FARC, its largest guerrilla group, pledge to assist in demining efforts.

Alexander Ruíz Pulido, a retired colonel arrested in February, ran businesses linked to paramilitary leaders and armed groups like the AGC.

Colombia's "Total Peace" plan faces challenges as armed groups fragment over drug and gold profits, hindering President Petro's peace negotiations.

The assassin, according to media reports, escaped on horseback into the lush mountains behind the housing complex, ending in an almost cinematic killing.

The ELN has violated the agreement at least 39 times over the past year, according to the Colombian think tank, CERAC.

"Today’s three reward offers support law enforcement efforts in Colombia, Panama, and the US to disrupt the exploitive treatment of migrants."

Previously, FARC dominated the coca market in areas they controlled. Since the group disarmed, other criminal groups have failed to establish the same level of control.

Violence against civilians in Colombia is rising amid the various crises facing the government’s Total Peace policy. 

One of Colombia’s biggest criminal groups is expanding its reach, threatening to disrupt the government’s peace processes with other armed groups.