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	<title>Energy &#8211; Finance Colombia</title>
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	<link>https://www.financecolombia.com</link>
	<description>Connecting Colombia to the global capital markets, analysts, economists, investors, and executives that matter</description>
	<lastBuildDate>Tue, 15 Sep 2026 12:43:11 +0000</lastBuildDate>
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	<title>Energy &#8211; Finance Colombia</title>
	<link>https://www.financecolombia.com</link>
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	<item>
		<title>EPM Becomes First Colombian Utility Certified to Operate Drones</title>
		<link>https://www.financecolombia.com/epm-becomes-first-colombian-utility-certified-to-operate-drones/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Loren Moss]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 15 Sep 2026 12:43:11 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Energy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[3D modeling]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[aerocivil]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[aeronautica civil]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[antioquia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[civil aviation regulation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[colombia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[drone certification]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[drones]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Edgar Alexis Fernández Cardona]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[el niño]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[electric grid inspection]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[empresas publicas de medellin]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[epm]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[infrastructure monitoring]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[medellin]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[municipality of medellin]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[occupational safety]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[operational safety management]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[photogrammetry]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[public utilities]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[RAC 100]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Reglamento Aeronáutico de Colombia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Risk Management]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[UAS]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[unmanned aircraft systems]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[valle de aburrá]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[wastewater treatment]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[water utilities]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.financecolombia.com/?p=39101</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Behind the certification: 22 drones, 56 pilots, and a safety system EPM has been building since 2018....]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2>Certification formalizes safety oversight of EPM&#8217;s drone fleet</h2>
<p><a href="https://www.epm.com.co/">Empresas Públicas de Medellín (EPM)</a> has become the first public utility services provider in Colombia certified by the <em>Aeronáutica Civil</em> (Civil Aeronautics Authority), commonly known as <a href="https://www.aerocivil.gov.co/">Aerocivil</a>, to operate unmanned aircraft systems, the company announced Thursday, following a rigorous evaluation and audit process. The certification backs a drone operation EPM has developed progressively since 2018; the company currently flies 22 drones with 56 accredited pilots.</p>
<p>Flights are governed by Colombia&#8217;s <em>Reglamento Aeronáutico de Colombia</em> (Aeronautical Regulation of Colombia), known as RAC 100, which sets the national rules for operating unmanned aircraft systems. EPM also built a <em>Sistema de Gestión de Seguridad Operacional</em> (Operational Safety Management System) specifically for the drones, assigning roles, procedures, committees, and change- and risk-management mechanisms. Within the company, internal guidelines for drone use are set by the <em>Área Tecnologías de la Operación</em> (Operations Technology Area), part of the <em>Gerencia de Tecnologías y Procesos</em> (Technology and Processes Management).</p>
<p>To run the fleet day to day, EPM built a hybrid structure that combines centralized oversight with decentralized operations inside the business units that use the aircraft. The centralized component assigns responsibility for operational safety, pilot coordination and maintenance, along with shared processes for documentation, training and incident notification; flights themselves are carried out by pilots and area managers who hold defined responsibilities under the model.</p>
<blockquote><p>&#8220;This certification recognizes a capability that EPM has been building around the responsible and safe use of drones. It&#8217;s not just about acquiring aircraft, but about having trained pilots, procedures, risk management, and an operational safety structure that makes it possible to obtain useful information to care for our infrastructure and support service delivery.&#8221;</p>
<p>— Edgar Alexis Fernández Cardona, head of EPM&#8217;s Operations Technology Area</p></blockquote>
<p>EPM uses the aircraft to inspect electrical grids, substations, power generation plants, reservoirs, water supply and sewer systems, and treatment plants, and to track civil works progress, manage risk, respond to emergencies, and produce photogrammetry and three-dimensional models of its infrastructure. The company said drone use reduces worker exposure to height, cuts inspection times, and generates precise, standardized, georeferenced information, including real-time weather tracking during the current El Niño pattern affecting the region.</p>
<p>Pilots must train at an authorized <em>Centro de Instrucción Aeronáutico</em> (Aeronautical Instruction Center) and pass Aerocivil&#8217;s theoretical exam, which covers aeronautical regulation, meteorology, communications, human factors, risk management and safe drone operation. They must also hold a current occupational medical certificate and complete recurrent training, flight hours and internally established procedures.</p>
<p>According to EPM&#8217;s own corporate disclosures, the company is wholly owned by the <a href="https://www.medellin.gov.co/es/">Municipality of Medellín</a>, operating as an industrial and commercial state company rather than a publicly traded firm, and it provides water, sewerage, electricity and gas service across Medellín and the greater Valle de Aburrá metropolitan region, home to roughly 2.6 million people. The company is the parent of a business group of 44 subsidiaries operating in Colombia and abroad.</p>
<p>Colombian business outlet <a href="https://www.larepublica.co/empresas/drones-en-las-operaciones-de-epm-4479250">La República</a> also reported the certification this week, corroborating EPM&#8217;s account of its fleet size, pilot roster and the 2018 start date for its drone program.</p>
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		<item>
		<title>Colombia&#8217;s New President Vows to Rebuild Ecopetrol as Gas Reserves Hit a Record Low</title>
		<link>https://www.financecolombia.com/colombias-new-president-vows-to-rebuild-ecopetrol-as-gas-reserves-hit-a-record-low/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Loren Moss]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 15 Sep 2026 09:46:46 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Energy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[OpEd, Expert, or Guest Contribution]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[abelardo de la espriella]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[bogotá]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cartagena]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[colombia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[consejo nacional electoral]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Corte Constitucional]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ecopetrol]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[energy policy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[energy security]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[energy transition]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[fracking]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gustavo Petro]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hydrocarbons]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ivan cepeda]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[LNG imports]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[María Nohemí Arboleda Arango]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ministerio de Minas y Energía]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[natural gas reserves]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[oil production]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[pacto historico]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[puerto wilches]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ricardo Roa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[xm]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.financecolombia.com/?p=39139</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[A razor-thin mandate, an Ecopetrol scandal, and a fracking myth now test Colombia's energy reset....]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Abelardo de la Espriella took the oath of office in Cali on August 7, 2026, promising to reverse a decline in Colombia&#8217;s oil and gas sector that his predecessor&#8217;s own regulator had just finished documenting in granular detail. The <em>Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos</em> (National Hydrocarbons Agency, <a href="https://www.anh.gov.co/es/">ANH</a>) published its 2025 <em>Informe de Recursos y Reservas</em> (Resources and Reserves Report, IRR) on June 23, 2026, in the final weeks of Gustavo Petro&#8217;s presidency, showing that Colombia&#8217;s proven natural gas reserves had fallen 54% since 2018, to 1,717 billion cubic feet (Bcf), with a reserves-to-production ratio of just 5.9 years. Finance Colombia examined that report in depth in a <a href="https://www.financecolombia.com/colombias-natural-gas-reserves-have-collapsed-54-since-2018-with-no-floor-in-sight/">prior analysis</a>. De la Espriella inherits those numbers, the political fallout at Colombia&#8217;s state oil company, and the task of proving his energy platform can outlast a single term.</p>
<blockquote><p><strong><span style="color: #ff0000;">Click above to watch the video!</span></strong></p></blockquote>
<h3>A Narrow Mandate for a Reversal</h3>
<p>De la Espriella, a criminal defense attorney who had never previously held elected office, defeated Pacto Histórico (Historic Pact) candidate <a href="https://ivancepedacastro.com">Iván Cepeda</a> in the June 21, 2026, runoff by fewer than 252,000 votes, 49.65% to 48.70%, according to final results certified by Colombia&#8217;s <em><a href="https://www.cne.gov.co/">Consejo Nacional Electoral</a></em> (National Electoral Council, CNE) and reported by <a href="https://www.infobae.com/colombia/2026/06/24/cne-entrego-los-numeros-finales-tras-el-cierre-del-escrutinio-de-la-segunda-vuelta-abelardo-de-la-espriella-aumento-la-diferencia-frente-a-ivan-cepeda/">Infobae</a>. That margin has already defined his room to govern. His own party, Movimiento de Salvación Nacional (National Salvation Movement), holds just four of the Senate&#8217;s 103 seats, while Petro&#8217;s Pacto Histórico, now formally in opposition, remains the chamber&#8217;s single largest bloc with 26. Reopening hydrocarbon exploration is a decree away; sustaining that policy long enough for it to show up in reserve data will require coalition votes De la Espriella does not automatically command.</p>
<h3>An Energy Pledge Built Around Ecopetrol</h3>
<p>In his inaugural address, De la Espriella said, &#8220;Creo en la transición energética&#8221; (&#8220;I believe in the energy transition&#8221;), but insisted that &#8220;esa transición debe erigirse desde la fortaleza y no desde la debilidad, desde la autosuficiencia y no desde la dependencia&#8221; — &#8220;that transition must be built from strength, not weakness, from self-sufficiency, not dependence&#8221; — according to <a href="https://www.semana.com/economia/empresas/articulo/el-presidente-de-la-espriella-senalo-el-futuro-de-ecopetrol-y-del-fracking-en-el-pais/202620/">Semana&#8217;s</a> coverage of the speech. He called rebuilding <a href="https://www.ecopetrol.com.co">Ecopetrol</a> (BVC: ECOPETROL, NYSE: EC) — which he described as the country&#8217;s most important company — &#8220;a definitive and absolute priority of my government,&#8221; saying it had been &#8220;treacherously plundered&#8221; over the prior four years, according to <a href="https://www.elcolombiano.com/colombia/posesion-abelardo-de-la-espriella-minuto-a-minuto-7-agosto-EN39705199">El Colombiano&#8217;s</a> account. He committed to reopening hydrocarbon exploration contracts and authorizing what he called responsible, sustainable fracking under the country&#8217;s strictest technical and environmental standards, and he warned that an approaching El Niño weather pattern threatens hydroelectric generation on top of the reserves shortfall.</p>
<blockquote><p>“That transition must be built from strength, not weakness — from self-sufficiency, not dependence.”</p>
<p>— President Abelardo de la Espriella, inaugural address, August 7, 2026</p></blockquote>
<p>To carry out that policy, De la Espriella named María Nohemí Arboleda Arango to head the <em>Ministerio de Minas y Energía</em> (Ministry of Mines and Energy). Arboleda spent more than five years as chief executive of <a href="https://www.xm.com.co/">XM</a>, the company that operates Colombia&#8217;s national power grid and wholesale electricity market, and holds an electrical engineering degree from the Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Her appointment reads as a technical rather than political pick for a ministry that will decide how quickly exploration contracts and fracking permits actually move.</p>
<h3>Ecopetrol&#8217;s Leadership Purge</h3>
<p>Ecopetrol enters the new administration already reeling from the departure of its previous president, Ricardo Roa Barragán, who managed Petro&#8217;s 2022 presidential campaign before Petro installed him atop Colombia&#8217;s largest company in 2023. Colombia&#8217;s <em>Fiscalía General de la Nación</em> (Attorney General&#8217;s Office) filed a formal accusation against Roa on June 9, 2026, for <em>tráfico de influencias</em> (influence peddling), alleging he bought a Bogotá penthouse at a favorable price from a company tied to oil and gas investor Serafino Iacono, according to <a href="https://www.infobae.com/colombia/2026/06/09/fiscalia-radico-escrito-de-acusacion-contra-ricardo-roa-por-trafico-de-influencias-en-la-compra-de-lujoso-apartamento-en-bogota/">Infobae</a>. In the same case, prosecutors separately allege Roa directed Ecopetrol to favor a company owned by retired police colonel Juan Guillermo Mancera with contracts, after that company made payments benefiting Roa&#8217;s circle between March 2023 and February 2024. On August 12, prosecutors filed a second accusation, alleging Roa&#8217;s 2022 campaign spending exceeded legal caps by roughly $1.66 billion COP combined across both election rounds, <a href="https://www.elheraldo.co/colombia/2026/08/12/fiscalia-radico-escrito-de-acusacion-contra-ricardo-roa-por-el-delito-de-violacion-de-topes-electorales/">El Heraldo reported</a>. Roa has pleaded not guilty in both cases. &#8220;I have already declared myself innocent &#8230; in both cases I am under investigation for,&#8221; he told <a href="https://www.noticiasrcn.com/">Noticias RCN</a> on July 17, according to <a href="https://www.infobae.com/colombia/2026/07/18/ricardo-roa-retorno-a-colombia-y-aseguro-que-no-ha-cometido-delitos-y-que-comparecera-ante-la-justicia-me-declare-inocente/">Infobae&#8217;s</a> account of his remarks.</p>
<p>Roa left the presidency of Ecopetrol for good on July 30, 2026, days after briefly returning from leave, in a reshuffle that also removed board member and former board chair Ángela María Robledo Gómez, board member Tatiana Roa Avendaño, and vice presidents Bayron Triana and Victoria Irene Sepúlveda Ballesteros, <a href="https://www.eltiempo.com/economia/empresas/ecopetrol-confirma-la-renuncia-de-ricardo-roa-y-dos-altos-ejecutivos-los-cambios-que-vienen-en-la-empresa-3573454">El Tiempo reported</a>. Juan Carlos Hurtado Parra became acting president; Luis Felipe Henao Cardona became the new board chair. The reshuffle leaves Ecopetrol&#8217;s next permanent president to reverse the exploration slowdown while Roa&#8217;s criminal cases move through Colombian courts.</p>
<h3>Production Keeps Falling</h3>
<p>The reshuffle arrived alongside more evidence of the sector&#8217;s slide. Colombia&#8217;s average oil output fell to 724,910 barrels per day in April 2026, the lowest monthly average so far this year, though still 1.5% above April 2025&#8217;s level, according to <a href="https://www.larepublica.co/economia/produccion-nacional-de-petroleo-en-abril-fue-de-724-910-barriles-por-dia-cayo-2-10-4405779">La República&#8217;s</a> reporting on ANH data. Commercialized natural gas output fell more sharply, down 14.2% year-over-year to 694 million cubic feet per day, according to ANH figures reported by <a href="https://www.eltiempo.com/amp/economia/sectores/fuerte-caida-del-14-2-en-la-produccion-de-gas-natural-en-colombia-ad-portas-de-la-llegada-del-fenomeno-de-el-nino-3561484">El Tiempo</a>. Colombian regulators separately track a broader &#8220;fiscalized&#8221; production measure that fell even further over the same period — a reminder that the specific gas metric cited changes the size of the number, though not the direction.</p>
<h3>Fracking Is Not Actually Banned</h3>
<p>De la Espriella has made authorizing fracking a central plank of his energy reversal, but Colombia has no statute prohibiting it. A regulatory framework dating to 2013 and 2014, expanded in 2020 to allow pilot research projects, survived a challenge at the <em>Consejo de Estado</em> (Council of State) in 2022. What actually halted fracking activity was a narrower ruling: Colombia&#8217;s <em>Corte Constitucional</em> (Constitutional Court) found in a 2023 decision that regulators had violated the <em>consulta previa</em> (prior consultation) rights of an Afro-descendant community near two pilot wells in Puerto Wilches, and suspended those two projects specifically. Restarting the broader pilot program is therefore largely an executive and administrative matter — issuing new contracts and environmental licenses — rather than one requiring new legislation or a reversal by the Constitutional Court, though any expansion is likely to face the same kind of community-consultation challenges that stopped the Puerto Wilches projects, per <a href="https://www.semana.com/economia/empresas/articulo/fracking-en-colombia-estas-son-las-claves-juridicas-que-definiran-su-posible-regreso/202623/">Semana&#8217;s</a> legal analysis.</p>
<h3>What Investors Are Watching</h3>
<p>The fiscal stakes are not abstract. Hydrocarbon royalties totaled $29.6 trillion COP over the 40 months between Petro&#8217;s August 2022 inauguration and the end of 2025, and the ANH projects that Colombia&#8217;s existing proven reserves are worth roughly another $36 trillion COP over their remaining life, per the same IRR 2025 report — a projection that assumes production holds at a reserves-to-production ratio the report&#8217;s own data no longer support. De la Espriella inherits a reserve base that would take a decade of sustained investment to rebuild, an LNG import terminal in Cartagena — operated by Sociedad Portuaria El Cayao and branded <a href="https://www.vopak.com/terminals/spec-lng?language_content_entity=en">SPEC LNG</a> — built to buy back gas the country stopped extracting from its own subsoil, and a state oil company that just lost its president to a criminal docket instead of a strategy document. Whether that combination changes is now a question for a president who will have to build, vote by vote, the legislative majority he was not elected with.</p>
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		<item>
		<title>Record Roll-On/Roll-Off Volumes and ODL Throughput Lift Frontera&#8217;s Adjusted EBITDA 18%</title>
		<link>https://www.financecolombia.com/record-roll-on-roll-off-volumes-and-odl-throughput-lift-fronteras-adjusted-ebitda-18/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Loren Moss]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 05 Sep 2026 01:37:35 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Energy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[adjusted EBITDA]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ANH]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ani]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ANLA]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Bayron Triana]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[calgary]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cartagena]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[casanare]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[colombia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ecopetrol]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[El Cayao]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[energy infrastructure]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[energy security]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Excelerate Energy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[fec]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Frontera Energy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[FSRU]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gabriel De Alba]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[guyana]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[lng]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[lpg]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[meta]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[natural gas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ODL]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Oleoducto de los Llanos Orientales]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[orlando cabrales]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Parex Resources]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[port logistics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Promigas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[puerto bahia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[puerto gaitan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[regasification]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[roll-on/roll-off]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[roro]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[rubiales]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sociedad Portuaria Puerto Bahía]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[take-or-pay]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.financecolombia.com/?p=38715</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Operating income at the Cartagena port fell 44% in a record cargo quarter, and the $29 million USD profit came from assets already sold....]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2>Puerto Bahía set a cargo record but its operating income fell</h2>
<p><a href="https://www.fronteraenergy.ca/">Frontera Energy Corporation</a> (TSX: FEC) (OTCQX: FECCF), the Calgary-based owner of 99.97% of <a href="https://puertobahia.com.co/en/">Sociedad Portuaria Puerto Bahía</a> and a 35% stake in <a href="https://www.odl.com.co/">Oleoducto de los Llanos Orientales S.A.</a> (ODL), reported on August 14, 2026, adjusted EBITDA of $30.5 million USD for the second quarter of 2026, an 18% increase over the same period a year earlier. It was the company&#8217;s first set of <a href="https://fronteraenergy.mediaroom.com/2026-08-14-FRONTERA-ANNOUNCES-SECOND-QUARTER-2026-RESULTS">results</a> since it completed the sale of its Colombian exploration and production business on June 1, 2026.</p>
<p>Puerto Bahía describes itself as a multipurpose terminal in the Bay of Cartagena, Colombia, with a 20-meter natural draft, 155 hectares for operations and expansion, and separate liquid and dry cargo terminals. Frontera&#8217;s release describes ODL as a midstream asset serving the Llanos basin, which it says holds roughly 70% of Colombia&#8217;s proven crude oil reserves, and describes Frontera&#8217;s portfolio as anchored by the two assets.</p>
<p>Total revenues and other income reached $31.3 million USD, up from $25.5 million USD in the second quarter of 2025 and $26.8 million USD in the first quarter of 2026. Adjusted EBITDA margin was 63%, against 62% a year earlier. Frontera said adjusted EBITDA was driven by performance at the general cargo terminal at Puerto Bahía, which it calls the dry port, and by higher volumes handled at ODL. Chief Executive Officer Orlando Cabrales said Frontera is now working toward first gas in early 2027 at Puerto Bahía&#8217;s liquefied natural gas (LNG) regasification project, which the company is developing with <a href="https://www.ecopetrol.com.co/wps/portal/Home/en/">Ecopetrol S.A.</a> (BVC: ECOPETROL) (NYSE: EC).</p>
<div id="attachment_38915" style="width: 410px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="https://www.financecolombia.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/frontera-adjusted-ebitda-q2-2026-400w.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-38915" class="wp-image-38915 size-full" src="https://www.financecolombia.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/frontera-adjusted-ebitda-q2-2026-400w.jpg" alt="Bar chart of Frontera adjusted EBITDA rising to $30.5 million USD in the second quarter of 2026." width="400" height="240" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-38915" class="wp-caption-text">Frontera&#8217;s adjusted EBITDA rose 18% year over year in the second quarter. (Chart: Finance Colombia)</p></div>
<h3>Rolling Cargo Outgrows Barrels at Puerto Bahía</h3>
<p>Frontera attributed the increase in port revenue to performance in the general cargo terminal, where roll-on/roll-off volumes grew, and to higher liquids volumes driven by higher throughput from Ecopetrol. The general cargo terminal handled 48,074 roll-on/roll-off units, which Cabrales called a record, a 70% increase over the 28,283 units moved a year earlier and 26% more than the first quarter. April 2026 alone set a single-month record of 17,200 units. General cargo terminal revenue rose 87%, to $8.1 million USD from $4.3 million USD.</p>
<div id="attachment_38919" style="width: 410px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://www.financecolombia.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/puerto-bahia-roro-volumes-q2-2026-400w.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-38919" class="wp-image-38919 size-full" src="https://www.financecolombia.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/puerto-bahia-roro-volumes-q2-2026-400w.jpg" alt="Bar chart of Puerto Bahía roll-on/roll-off volumes rising to 48,074 units in the second quarter of 2026." width="400" height="240" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-38919" class="wp-caption-text">Puerto Bahía handled 48,074 roll-on/roll-off units in the second quarter of 2026. (Chart: Finance Colombia)</p></div>
<div id="attachment_38916" style="width: 410px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="https://www.financecolombia.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/puerto-bahia-revenue-by-terminal-q2-2026-400w.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-38916" class="wp-image-38916 size-full" src="https://www.financecolombia.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/puerto-bahia-revenue-by-terminal-q2-2026-400w.jpg" alt="Grouped bar chart comparing Puerto Bahía liquids and general cargo terminal revenue across three quarters." width="400" height="240" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-38916" class="wp-caption-text">General cargo overtook liquids as Puerto Bahía&#8217;s larger revenue line. (Chart: Finance Colombia)</p></div>
<p>Liquids terminal revenue was lower than a year earlier, at $6.5 million USD against $6.8 million USD. Throughput reached 39,889 barrels per day, up 8% from 36,937 in the first quarter but down 25% from 53,280 a year earlier. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) volumes reached 4,000 tons in the quarter against 1,200 tons in the first quarter; Frontera reports no LPG volumes in the year-earlier quarter. Port revenue totaled $14.6 million USD, up 29% from $11.3 million USD a year earlier, of which $60,000 USD came from Guyana and the rest from the Colombia terminals.</p>
<p>Container traffic declined to 3,277 TEUs, or 20-foot equivalent units, from 3,993 a year earlier. Break bulk volumes, which Frontera reports in tons or cubic meters, came in at 11,199 against 25,216 in the first quarter and 7,538 a year earlier.</p>
<p>The port&#8217;s operating income fell 44%, to $1.0 million USD from $1.8 million USD a year earlier. In Puerto Bahía&#8217;s own income statement, revenue rose to $14.6 million USD from $11.2 million USD while costs rose to $8.8 million USD from $6.1 million USD, an increase Frontera attributed to the higher general cargo volumes and the start-up of LPG operations. Depreciation, amortization and impairment expense rose to $2.2 million USD from $1.7 million USD, and restructuring, severance and other costs rose to $1.4 million USD from $607,000 USD. Puerto Bahía&#8217;s own EBITDA, which Frontera reports separately from adjusted EBITDA, was $4.6 million USD against $4.1 million USD a year earlier.</p>
<h3>ODL Throughput Rises as the Tariff Eases</h3>
<p>ODL transported an average of 239,333 barrels per day during the quarter, up 1.5% from a year earlier. ODL states on its own website that the system&#8217;s effective transport capacity averages 245,000 barrels per day for crude with viscosity up to 1,500 centistokes.</p>
<div id="attachment_38917" style="width: 410px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://www.financecolombia.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/odl-throughput-vs-capacity-q2-2026-400w.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-38917" class="wp-image-38917 size-full" src="https://www.financecolombia.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/odl-throughput-vs-capacity-q2-2026-400w.jpg" alt="Bar chart of ODL pipeline throughput against the 245,000 barrels per day capacity the pipeline publishes." width="400" height="240" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-38917" class="wp-caption-text">ODL throughput reached 98% of the capacity the pipeline publishes for the system. (Chart: Finance Colombia)</p></div>
<p>The pipeline, in operation since 2009, runs a 235-kilometer main line from the Rubiales Station in Puerto Gaitán, Meta, to the Monterrey Station in Casanare, plus a 25-kilometer branch from El Viento to Cusiana and a 19-kilometer Caño Sur interconnection, for 279 kilometers in total. ODL says the system transports 30% of the crude oil produced in Colombia.</p>
<p>ODL recorded net income of $47.5 million USD for the quarter, of which $16.6 million USD was attributable to Frontera, and EBITDA of $77.1 million USD against $69.3 million USD a year earlier. The average transportation tariff eased to $4.59 USD per barrel from $4.73 USD a year earlier. In Frontera&#8217;s adjusted EBITDA reconciliation, the line representing its 35% participation in ODL&#8217;s revenue, operating costs and general and administrative expenses rose to $27.0 million USD from $24.3 million USD.</p>
<div id="attachment_38918" style="width: 410px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="https://www.financecolombia.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/frontera-two-infrastructure-assets-yoy-q2-2026-400w.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-38918" class="wp-image-38918 size-full" src="https://www.financecolombia.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/frontera-two-infrastructure-assets-yoy-q2-2026-400w.jpg" alt="Grouped bar chart comparing Frontera's 35% ODL reconciliation line with Puerto Bahía segment EBITDA, year over year." width="400" height="240" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-38918" class="wp-caption-text">The two measures Frontera reports for its assets are not additive. (Chart: Finance Colombia)</p></div>
<p>ODL declared net dividends of $64.7 million USD to Frontera Pipeline Investment AG during 2026, against $52.9 million USD in 2025, plus an additional $5.2 million USD return of capital in the second quarter. Frontera has received $26.8 million USD of that in cash so far this year.</p>
<h3>Headline Profit Comes From the Business Frontera Sold</h3>
<p>Frontera booked net income attributable to equity holders of $29.0 million USD for the quarter. Continuing operations produced a net loss of $4.0 million USD, or $0.06 USD per diluted share. The profit came from the discontinued exploration and production assets sold to <a href="https://www.parexresources.com/">Parex Resources Inc.</a> (TSX: PXT), which contributed $33.0 million USD of income, or $0.47 USD per diluted share. Operating income from continuing operations was positive at $6.1 million USD, after absorbing $7.5 million USD of impairment expense and $4.1 million USD of restructuring, severance and other costs.</p>
<p>Because those assets are now classified as discontinued, Frontera re-presented its 2025 continuing-operations figures. On that basis it reported a $439.2 million USD net loss from continuing operations in the second quarter of 2025, and an operating loss of $427.9 million USD that included a $432.2 million USD impairment charge and $9.4 million USD of restructuring, severance and other costs.</p>
<p>Frontera closed the quarter with $56.3 million USD in cash and equivalents, $170.5 million USD in total debt and lease liabilities, and net debt of $114.2 million USD. Net debt to trailing 12-month adjusted EBITDA fell to 0.98 times from 1.33 times at the end of March 2026. Trailing 12-month infrastructure distributable cash flow was $78.8 million USD, up from $51.4 million USD a quarter earlier, a difference driven by the timing of ODL distribution payments between periods, the company said.</p>
<p>On June 1, 2026, Frontera <a href="https://fronteraenergy.mediaroom.com/2026-06-01-FRONTERA-COMPLETES-DIVESTMENT-OF-ITS-COLOMBIAN-E-P-ASSETS-PORTFOLIO-TO-PAREX-RESOURCES-POSITIONS-ITSELF-AS-A-STANDALONE-INFRASTRUCTURE-COMPANY-ANNOUNCES-RETURN-OF-CAPITAL-DISTRIBUTION-TO-SHAREHOLDERS">said</a> its infrastructure business was expected to generate $110 million USD to $120 million USD of adjusted EBITDA in 2026, alongside $80 million USD to $85 million USD of distributable free cash flow. First-half adjusted EBITDA was $59.0 million USD.</p>
<h3>Frontera Targets First Gas in Early 2027</h3>
<p>Puerto Bahía has signed a take-or-pay agreement with Ecopetrol covering a seven-year service term that begins when operations start, and has secured floating storage and regasification capacity from US-based <a href="https://excelerateenergy.com/">Excelerate Energy, Inc.</a> (NYSE: EE). <a href="https://lngprime.com/americas/excelerate-confirms-colombian-fsru-charter-deal-lng-carrier-purchase/194482/">LNG Prime</a> reported on August 6, 2026, that Excelerate had confirmed a seven-year charter with a Frontera subsidiary for a floating storage and regasification unit at an LNG import terminal under development in Colombia.</p>
<p>Ecopetrol announced on May 25, 2026, that it and Sociedad Portuaria Puerto Bahía were entering the execution phase after the <a href="https://www.ani.gov.co/"><em>Agencia Nacional de Infraestructura</em></a> (National Infrastructure Agency, ANI) issued a favorable opinion on a non-substantial modification to the port concession and the <a href="https://www.anla.gov.co/"><em>Autoridad Nacional de Licencias Ambientales</em></a> (National Environmental Licensing Authority, ANLA) approved a minor environmental change. In that <a href="https://www.ecopetrol.com.co/wps/portal/Home/es/noticias/detalle/ecopetrol-y-puerto-bahia-iniciaran-ejecucion-del-proyecto-de-regasificacion-en-cartagena">announcement</a>, Ecopetrol said the work would ensure entry into operation in December 2026, and that the company would then be able to contribute an initial supply of up to 300 GBTUD, or gigaBTU per day, to Colombia&#8217;s gas balance.</p>
<p>Bayron Triana, then Ecopetrol&#8217;s vice president of energies for the transition, said in that announcement, translated from Spanish:</p>
<blockquote><p><em>With these port and environmental approvals fully enabling the infrastructure, we are beginning the execution phase of a project that is strategic for the country, aimed at strengthening energy security and the reliability of natural gas supply in Colombia, particularly during the most critical stage of the El Niño phenomenon.</em></p></blockquote>
<p>Triana, whose title <a href="https://www.eltiempo.com/economia/empresas/ecopetrol-confirma-la-renuncia-de-ricardo-roa-y-dos-altos-ejecutivos-los-cambios-que-vienen-en-la-empresa-3573454">El Tiempo</a> gives as executive vice president of energies for the transition, resigned voluntarily effective July 31, 2026, the newspaper reported. Ernesto Alfonso Gómez, general manager of refining, was to take over the vice presidency on an acting basis on August 1, 2026, until a permanent appointment is made, El Tiempo reported.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.valoraanalitik.com/ecopetrol-y-frontera-energy-obtuvieron-una-licencia-de-la-ani-para-avanzar-con-la-regasificadora-de-puerto-bahia-en-cartagena/">Valora Analitik</a> reported the same day that the floating unit had not yet been contracted and might not arrive until late 2026 or during 2027, that imported gas would begin entering the system after December 2026 rather than before it, and that Puerto Bahía would be Colombia&#8217;s second regasification plant after Sociedad Portuaria El Cayao (SPEC), a subsidiary of <a href="https://www.promigas.com/">Promigas</a> (BVC: PROMIGAS).</p>
<p>Colombia&#8217;s proven natural gas reserves stood at 1,717 billion cubic feet at the end of 2025, a 54% decline from 2018, with a reserves-to-production ratio of 5.9 years and a negative reserve replacement rate, according to the <a href="https://www.anh.gov.co/"><em>Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos</em></a> (National Hydrocarbons Agency, ANH) reserves report reviewed in <a href="https://www.financecolombia.com/colombias-natural-gas-reserves-have-collapsed-54-since-2018-with-no-floor-in-sight/">Finance Colombia&#8217;s July 2026 analysis of the reserves collapse</a>.</p>
<h3>What the Parex Sale Returned to Shareholders</h3>
<p>Parex closed its purchase of Frontera International Holdings B.V. on June 1, 2026. The subsidiary held the Colombian exploration and production assets, a reverse osmosis water treatment facility and a palm oil plantation. Aggregate consideration was $750 million USD, comprising $500 million USD in upfront cash, $225 million USD of assumed net debt and a $25 million USD payment contingent on an extension of the Quifa contract with Ecopetrol. Shareholders approved the arrangement on April 30, 2026, as <a href="https://www.financecolombia.com/frontera-energy-pivots-to-pure-play-colombian-infrastructure-as-shareholders-approve-750-million-usd-parex-sale/">Finance Colombia reported</a> in May 2026.</p>
<p>Frontera distributed $8.34 CAD per share, roughly $590 million CAD or $430 million USD, to holders of record on June 12, 2026, paid June 23, 2026. It retained $64 million USD, allocating $25 million USD to reducing debt and other liabilities and $39 million USD to growth projects at Puerto Bahía. Chairman Gabriel de Alba said the outcome &#8220;reflects a multi-year effort to simplify the Company, crystallize value and establish a stronger foundation for its next phase.&#8221;</p>
<p>Management is scheduled to discuss the results with analysts and investors on a conference call on August 18, 2026, at 9 a.m. Eastern time.</p>
<p style="text-align: right;">Headline photo: A roll-on/roll-off vehicle carrier is loaded at Puerto Bahía&#8217;s general cargo terminal in Cartagena. (Photo courtesy Puerto Bahía)</p>
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		<title>Colombian Solar Developer Erco Energía Raises $129 Million USD in a Series-C Co-led by Ventures EPM</title>
		<link>https://www.financecolombia.com/colombian-solar-developer-erco-energia-raises-129-million-usd-in-a-series-c-co-led-by-ventures-epm/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Loren Moss]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 05 Sep 2026 01:07:28 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Energy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Andes solar project]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[antioquia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Augment Infrastructure]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[axon partners group]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[climate tech]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[colombia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[distributed generation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[endeavor catalyst]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[energy transition]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[epm]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Erco Energía]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[grupo epm]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[John Maya Salazar]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Luis Fernando Gómez]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[medellin]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Next Utility Ventures]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Nicolás Ríos]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Norfund]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[renewable energy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sebastián Méndez Agudelo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Series C]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Solar Energy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Venture Capital]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ventures EPM]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.financecolombia.com/?p=38716</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Axon has backed the Medellín solar developer since its Series B; the cash funds new generation across Colombia....]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2>Norfund and Augment Infrastructure Also Backed the Erco Round</h2>
<p>Colombian solar developer <a href="https://erco.energy/co">Erco Energía</a> has closed a Series C capital increase of $129 million USD. Next Utility Ventures — a private equity fund inside the <a href="https://www.epm.com.co/institucional/innovacion/programa-ventures-epm/">Ventures EPM</a> program of Medellín utility <a href="https://www.epm.com.co">Empresas Públicas de Medellín</a> (EPM), and managed by Spanish investment firm <a href="https://axonpartnersgroup.com">Axon Partners Group</a> (<a href="https://www.bmegrowth.es/">BME Growth</a>: APG) — co-led the round.</p>
<p>EPM announced its role in a bulletin dated August 14, 2026, after what it described as several months of negotiation. The utility did not disclose the size of the round or its own contribution. The $129 million USD figure was reported the previous day by <a href="https://www.elcolombiano.com/negocios/erco-energia-inversion-129-millones-dolares-energia-solar-colombia-CA39932707">El Colombiano</a> and <a href="https://www.valoraanalitik.com/erco-energia-asegura-una-inversion-de-us129-millones-en-equity-para-acelerar-la-infraestructura-solar-de-colombia/">Valora Analitik</a>, which placed the round among the largest equity raises announced by a Colombian company in 2026, and Axon confirmed it in an <a href="https://axonpartnersgroup.com/erco-closes-its-series-c-round-at-us129-million-backed-by-axon-partners-group-and-cements-its-position-as-colombias-solar-leader/">announcement</a> published the same day as EPM&#8217;s bulletin.</p>
<p>El Colombiano reported that four funds took part: Next Utility Ventures, <a href="https://augmentinfra.com/about/">Augment Infrastructure</a>, <a href="https://www.norfund.no/">Norfund</a> and <a href="https://endeavor.org/catalyst/">Endeavor Catalyst</a>, the co-investment fund of <a href="https://endeavor.org/">Endeavor</a>. Augment Infrastructure, which El Colombiano reported is US-based, calls itself a founder-led manager investing in sustainable infrastructure, mostly in emerging markets, across power, water and sanitation, telecom infrastructure and transport. Norfund identifies itself as the Norwegian Investment Fund for Developing Countries and is owned and funded by the Norwegian government. Axon&#8217;s announcement names Augment Infrastructure and Norfund but does not mention Endeavor Catalyst, and EPM&#8217;s bulletin names no investor beyond Next Utility Ventures and Axon.</p>
<p>Valora Analitik reported that the proceeds are earmarked for developing energy projects in several regions of Colombia. El Colombiano reported that those projects will expand distributed generation capacity — solar power produced close to where it is consumed, on the roofs of homes, businesses and industrial plants — and that in a system heavily dependent on hydroelectricity, added solar reduces the risk when reservoir levels fall.</p>
<p>Luis Fernando Gómez, finance director at Erco Energía, said in remarks reported by Valora Analitik that the operation reaffirms the company&#8217;s purpose of being &#8220;a vehicle of growth and energy prosperity for Colombia, a country with enormous potential in energy,&#8221; and that the new capital will let Erco &#8220;continue building infrastructure, sustainability and growth for the nation and for Colombians.&#8221;</p>
<h3>The Investors&#8217; History With Erco</h3>
<p>EPM&#8217;s involvement in Erco dates to 2016, when Ventures EPM made its first investment during the company&#8217;s Series A. EPM says it has since supplied capital and worked to strengthen the developer&#8217;s technical and commercial capabilities. Ventures EPM is the corporate venture capital arm of <a href="https://www.grupo-epm.com/site/">Grupo EPM</a> and invests in startups and growth-stage companies tied to the energy transition, the circular economy and smart territories; EPM puts its active portfolio at 26 companies.</p>
<p>Erco and EPM have also worked together since 2018 on solar solutions for homes, industry and retail businesses across Colombia. EPM puts that joint portfolio — completed projects, projects under construction and installations tied to long-term energy sales contracts — at close to 64 MWp.</p>
<p>Sebastián Méndez Agudelo, corporate director of acquisitions, mergers and divestitures at Grupo EPM, said the capital increase &#8220;is of vital importance because it demonstrates that companies supporting the energy transition can be created and consolidated in Colombia. It also shows the value of alliances between emerging companies and large corporations to accelerate innovation, drive business development and give form to a shared vision of sustainable, long-term growth for the transformation of the country&#8217;s business fabric.&#8221;</p>
<p>Axon runs an investment business alongside a strategic consulting practice and has been listed on BME Growth, the Spanish market for growth companies, <a href="https://axonpartnersgroup.com/shareholders/">since 2022</a>. Axon says it has backed Erco since the company&#8217;s Series B. Nicolás Ríos, a partner at the firm and head of its sustainability and climate tech strategy for Latin America, said the transaction &#8220;confirms that climate-tech and the energy transition have become a mature investment thesis in Latin America, one capable of delivering returns alongside real impact.&#8221;</p>
<h3>What Erco Does</h3>
<p>Erco was founded in Medellín in 2011. It builds, owns and runs renewable generation and storage assets under an independent power producer model, and its business also covers digital trading of clean electricity, energy efficiency, electric mobility, electrification and asset management. Axon puts Erco&#8217;s record at more than 2,600 projects built and installed capacity above 450 MWp, most of it in Colombia; Erco&#8217;s own website cites more than 4,000 projects executed and more than 320 MWp installed or under construction.</p>
<h3>The Andes Project</h3>
<p>Erco and EPM are jointly developing Andes, a roughly 400 MWp solar plant, with an unnamed European investor. When EPM <a href="https://www.epm.com.co/inversionistas/noticias/epm-acuerdo-proyecto-solar-400mwp-colombia/">announced the agreement</a> on December 3, 2025, it put the construction cost at up to $400 million USD, said the capacity would go to Colombia&#8217;s <em>Sistema Interconectado Nacional</em> (National Interconnected System), and said a solar project of that size can supply a city of about 364,000 people. Under the structure, EPM commits to a long-term power purchase agreement and, once technical milestones and applicable regulatory and financial conditions are met, will fund the acquisition of a majority stake; Erco and the European investor are to hold minority positions over the long term.</p>
<p>In the December 2025 announcement, EPM General Manager John Maya Salazar said Colombia &#8220;has a need for new generation projects to close the gap that exists today between supply and demand and in that way contribute to mitigating the risk of a blackout, in the face of a possible El Niño phenomenon in the coming years.&#8221;</p>
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		<title>Ecopetrol Replaces Five Vice Presidents Amid Broader Government-Driven Overhaul</title>
		<link>https://www.financecolombia.com/ecopetrol-replaces-five-vice-presidents-amid-broader-government-driven-overhaul/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Loren Moss]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 05 Sep 2026 00:59:41 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Energy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[abelardo de la espriella]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Adrian Santiago Coral Pantoja]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Álvaro Iván Saavedra Barón]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ana Carolina Ríos Junco]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[board of directors]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[bogotá]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[César Loza]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[colombia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[consejo nacional electoral]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Corporate Governance]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Diana Marcela Jiménez Rodríguez]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ecopetrol]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Energy Sector]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Felipe Trujillo López]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Fiscalía General de la Nación]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gustavo Petro]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[isa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ivan cepeda]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Jaime Andrés García Cuello]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Joaquín Gutiérrez]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Juan Carlos Hurtado Parra]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Julián Fernando Lemos Valero]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Juliana Perdomo Valencia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Luis Felipe Henao]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Miguel Ángel Cortés Angarita]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Oil and Gas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ricardo Roa Barragán]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ricardo Rodríguez Yee]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sandra Lucía Rodríguez Rojas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[union sindical obrera]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.financecolombia.com/?p=38780</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Colombia's new government pushes ahead with its Ecopetrol shake-up, swapping five vice presidents weeks after Ricardo Roa's exit....]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2>Move follows Ricardo Roa&#8217;s scandal-clouded exit as president</h2>
<p>Ecopetrol S.A. (<a href="https://www.ecopetrol.com.co">Ecopetrol</a>) (BVC: ECOPETROL; NYSE: EC) is replacing five vice presidents, the company said in a statement, continuing an executive overhaul that has moved in step with Colombia&#8217;s change of government and the corruption-clouded exit of former President Ricardo Roa Barragán. The Board of Directors adopted the changes at a meeting on Thursday, August 27, 2026, and all five outgoing executives will hand off their duties by August 30, with internal candidates from the same divisions taking over on an acting basis starting August 31.</p>
<p>Sandra Lucía Rodríguez Rojas, corporate vice president of Territorial Transformation and HSE since August 2024, will be succeeded on an acting basis by Miguel Ángel Cortés Angarita, a senior environmental management professional in the same area. Jaime Andrés García Cuello, vice president of Administration and Services since September 2024, will be replaced by Álvaro Iván Saavedra Barón, the unit&#8217;s hydrocarbons supply manager. Diana Marcela Jiménez Rodríguez, corporate director of Institutional Relations and Communications, hands the role to Juliana Perdomo Valencia, a senior communications specialist in the same office. Julián Fernando Lemos Valero, corporate vice president of Strategy and New Business, gives way to Adrian Santiago Coral Pantoja, the area&#8217;s hydrocarbons new business manager. And Felipe Trujillo López, vice president of Refining and Industrial Processes since January 2025, is succeeded by Ana Carolina Ríos Junco, a senior process engineer in the same vice presidency.</p>
<p>Ecopetrol said the arrangements are temporary assignments while it runs formal selection processes for each position, and that it will announce permanent appointments &#8220;in due course.&#8221; In its statement, the company thanked the departing executives for their leadership and results and wished them success in their next professional steps.</p>
<p>The reshuffle is the latest step in a broader leadership turnover that began with Roa&#8217;s July 30 exit as Ecopetrol&#8217;s president after more than three years in the job. Colombia&#8217;s <em><a href="https://www.fiscalia.gov.co/colombia/">Fiscalía General de la Nación</a></em> (Attorney General&#8217;s Office) said in February it would charge Roa over two separate matters: violating campaign spending limits during Gustavo Petro&#8217;s 2022 presidential campaign, which Roa managed, and trafficking in influence tied to his purchase of a Bogotá apartment prosecutors say cost $1.8 billion COP. Colombia&#8217;s <em><a href="https://www.cne.gov.co">Consejo Nacional Electoral</a></em> (National Electoral Council) had already ratified a $5.922 billion COP sanction against the 2022 campaign in April for spending-limit violations exceeding $5.3 billion COP combined across both election rounds, ordering Roa, the campaign&#8217;s treasurer and its internal auditor to pay it, and referring the matter to prosecutors. The Fiscalía filed a formal accusation over the apartment purchase on June 9, alleging the payments moved through a company controlled by a retired police colonel, Juan Guillermo Mancera, to a seller linked to oil and gas investor Serafino Iacono. Roa has denied wrongdoing and has said he intends to remain in Colombia to answer the proceedings.</p>
<p>In farewell remarks on July 30 reported by <a href="https://www.infobae.com/colombia/2026/07/31/ricardo-roa-pide-perdon-a-ecopetrol-y-promete-quedarse-en-colombia-tras-su-salida/">Infobae</a>, Roa apologized to Ecopetrol&#8217;s staff, saying he &#8220;deeply regretted that the personal matters of the human being that is Ricardo Roa had been the focus of this organization&#8217;s attention.&#8221; He added that the controversy had &#8220;kept us from showing the real achievements and results we accomplished during this time.&#8221;</p>
<p>Juan Carlos Hurtado Parra has served as Ecopetrol&#8217;s acting president since July 31 while a headhunting firm runs a formal search for a permanent successor. Martín Ravelo, a leader of the <em>Unión Sindical Obrera</em> (<a href="https://www.uso.org.co">USO</a>), Ecopetrol&#8217;s main oil workers&#8217; union, told <a href="https://www.semana.com/economia/macroeconomia/articulo/directivo-de-la-uso-hablo-en-semana-sobre-lo-que-realmente-les-dijo-de-la-espriella-sobre-el-nuevo-presidente-de-ecopetrol/202635/">Semana</a> that President Abelardo De la Espriella told union leaders his close adviser, Joaquín Gutiérrez, was a strong candidate for the post, though the choice formally rests with the board.</p>
<p>De la Espriella took office August 7, days after narrowly winning a June 21 runoff against left-wing Senator Iván Cepeda, and has moved quickly to reshape Ecopetrol&#8217;s governance, which his government has called a priority. Luis Felipe Henao now chairs the nine-member board, and six governors of oil-producing departments recently backed the continued board membership of Ricardo Rodríguez Yee, a holdover from the previous administration, according to <a href="https://www.elpais.com.co/politica/gobierno-de-abelardo-de-la-espriella-prepara-cambios-en-la-junta-directiva-de-ecopetrol-2726.html">El País</a>. The government plans to propose a new board slate on September 15 alongside a bylaw reform that would let it replace most of the board&#8217;s remaining seats while keeping Henao, Rodríguez Yee and worker representative César Loza in place, <a href="https://www.infobae.com/colombia/2026/08/28/abelardo-de-la-espriella-buscara-quedarse-con-el-dominio-de-la-junta-directiva-de-ecopetrol-esta-es-la-plancha-que-incluye-al-polemico-asesor-de-su-campana/">Infobae reported</a>.</p>
<p>The Colombian government holds about 88.5% of Ecopetrol&#8217;s shares, which is why the fight over its board and leadership carries weight well beyond the company itself. Ecopetrol employs more than 19,000 people, produces more than 60% of Colombia&#8217;s oil and gas, and controls most of the country&#8217;s pipeline, logistics, and refining network, alongside major petrochemical and gas-distribution businesses. Its 51.4% stake in <a href="https://www.isa.co">ISA</a> extends its reach into power transmission, Colombia&#8217;s real-time grid operator, XM, and the Barranquilla-Cartagena highway concession, while its own upstream operations reach the United States&#8217; Permian Basin and Gulf of Mexico, Brazil, and Mexico, and, through ISA, power transmission in Brazil, Chile, Peru, and Bolivia, road concessions in Chile, and telecommunications.</p>
<p style="text-align: right;">Headline photo: Ricardo Roa during his inauguration as President of Ecopetrol, April 2023. Photo courtesy of Ecopetrol.</p>
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		<title>Finance Ministry Moves to Reshape Ecopetrol&#8217;s Board at September 15 Shareholder Meeting</title>
		<link>https://www.financecolombia.com/finance-ministry-moves-to-reshape-ecopetrols-board-at-september-15-shareholder-meeting/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Loren Moss]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 05 Sep 2026 00:14:29 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Energy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[abelardo de la espriella]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ANH]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Article 20 bylaws]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Asocodis]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Betzy Patricia Martínez Zapatero]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[bogotá]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[BVC: ECOPETROL]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Carlos Augusto Suarez Rojas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[César Loza]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Claudia Margarita Lafaurie Taboada]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[colombia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Corporate Governance]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CREG]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Diana Marcela Acero Rojas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ecopetrol]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ecopetrol board of directors]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ecopetrol extraordinary shareholders meeting]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[energy transition]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ernesto Alfonso Gómez Cabarcas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[grupo argos]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Grupo Éxito]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Henryk Manuel Porras Villamil]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[hocol]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[isa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Jorge Alberto Jaller Jaramillo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[jorge mario velasquez]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[José Camilo Manzur Jattin]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Juan Carlos Hurtado Parra]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ludmila del Carmen Vergara Rosales]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[luis felipe henao cardona]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[miguel gomez martinez]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ministerio de Hacienda]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ministry of Finance and Public Credit]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[NYSE: EC]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Oil and Gas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[proxy voting]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ricardo Roa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ricardo Rodríguez Yee]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sergio Andrés Moreno Acevedo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[shareholder meeting]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[state-owned enterprises]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[superintendencia de transporte]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[superintendencia financiera]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[uso]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.financecolombia.com/?p=38789</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Six new directors, a bylaw rewrite and a wave of acting executives: what the Nation wants from Ecopetrol's September 15 vote....]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2>Bylaw rewrite would clear the way for a mostly new nine-member board</h2>
<p><a href="https://www.ecopetrol.com.co/">Ecopetrol S.A.</a> (BVC: ECOPETROL; NYSE: EC) will hold an extraordinary shareholders’ meeting on September 15, 2026, at which the Colombian government, acting through the <a href="https://www.minhacienda.gov.co/"><em>Ministerio de Hacienda y Crédito Público</em></a> (Ministry of Finance and Public Credit) as holder of 88.49% of the company’s shares, intends to elect a new nine-member board of directors and amend the bylaw that has limited how many sitting directors can be replaced in a single vote.</p>
<p>Ecopetrol reported on August 28 that all corporate procedures required to formalize the Nation’s slate of candidates have been completed and that the slate will be put to shareholders at the meeting. The government’s request arrived in a <a href="https://files.ecopetrol.com.co/web/esp/aga-ext2-2026/solicitud-de-convocatoria-ecopetrol.pdf">letter dated August 26</a> from Finance Minister Miguel Gómez Martínez to Juan Carlos Hurtado Parra as Ecopetrol’s acting president, answering communications the company sent on August 4, 10 and 14 reporting director resignations and asking that an assembly be convened to fill the vacancies.</p>
<p>Three of the board’s nine seats have been empty since July 31. According to the ministry’s letter, Juan Gonzalo Castaño Valderrama resigned as a non-independent director on May 12, 2026, and Ángela María Robledo Gómez, who chaired the board, and Lilia Tatiana Roa Avendaño resigned effective July 31. The letter also notes that Ricardo Roa Barragán remained at the head of the company through July 30 and that Hurtado Parra has held the acting presidency since July 31, one week before President Abelardo de la Espriella was inaugurated on August 7. Hurtado Parra, the company’s executive vice president of hydrocarbons, had already been running Ecopetrol on an interim basis since April 7, the day after the board approved Roa’s request for vacation followed by unpaid leave, according to <a href="https://www.portafolio.co/negocios/empresas/quien-es-juan-carlos-hurtado-parra-el-nuevo-presidente-e-de-ecopetrol-tras-la-salida-temporal-de-ricardo-roa-491474">Portafolio</a>. Roa’s exit followed months of controversy, including the <a href="https://www.financecolombia.com/leaked-internal-documents-point-to-possible-42-million-usd-corrupt-deal-inside-ecopetrol/">leak in March of an internal report pointing to a possible $42 million USD payment to a company in the British Virgin Islands</a>.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.financecolombia.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/ecopetrol-outgoing-directors-2026-800w.jpg" alt="Outgoing Ecopetrol directors Ángela María Robledo Gómez, Juan Gonzalo Castaño Valderrama and Lilia Tatiana Roa Avendaño" width="800" height="475" /><figcaption>From left: Ángela María Robledo Gómez (outgoing board chair), Juan Gonzalo Castaño Valderrama and Lilia Tatiana Roa Avendaño, the three directors whose resignations opened the board seats now up for a September 15 vote. (Photo: Ecopetrol)</figcaption></figure>
<p>The first substantive item on the agenda is a reform of Article 20 of Ecopetrol’s bylaws. The current text requires that any slate presented to the assembly include at least three sitting directors, not counting the candidates for seats eight and nine. The ministry proposes replacing that requirement with language under which the slate “will seek to” retain at least three current members, without making it a condition of the slate’s validity or a bar to a full renewal of the board. A second change to the same article would allow the Nation to renominate the employee representative already elected for the current period without repeating the employee vote.</p>
<p>The ministry argues that the existing rule makes the composition and validity of a slate depend on whether a set number of directors agree to be renominated, so that a decision belonging to shareholders is conditioned on the individual will of the administrators themselves, which it describes as an unjustified risk of blocking the electoral process. “The continuity of current members would remain a relevant corporate governance criterion, but not an absolute condition that could prevent the recomposition of the body when the company’s circumstances, the vacancies that have arisen or the profiles required call for its renewal,” Gómez Martínez wrote.</p>
<p>Shareholders will then elect all nine directors by the electoral quotient system for the remainder of the 2025–2029 institutional period. Six of the nine names on the Nation’s slate are new to the board: Carlos Augusto Suárez Rojas, Jorge Alberto Jaller Jaramillo, José Camilo Manzur Jattin, Ludmila del Carmen Vergara Rosales, Betzy Patricia Martínez Zapatero and Claudia Margarita Lafaurie Taboada.</p>
<p>According to the candidate profiles Ecopetrol published, Suárez Rojas is a lawyer who founded and heads <a href="https://estrategiaypoder.com/">Estrategia &amp; Poder</a> and previously served as secretary general and operations director of the <a href="https://www.contraloria-cundinamarca.gov.co/"><em>Contraloría General de Cundinamarca</em></a> (Cundinamarca comptroller’s office); <a href="https://www.eltiempo.com/economia/empresas/los-nombres-y-razones-por-las-que-estas-personas-hacen-parte-de-la-plancha-del-gobierno-de-de-la-espriella-para-integrar-la-nueva-junta-de-ecopetrol-3581751">El Tiempo</a> describes him as the president’s political communications strategist. Jaller Jaramillo was vice president of retail and vice president of Éxito and Carulla at Almacenes Éxito S.A., which trades as <a href="https://www.grupoexito.com.co/">Grupo Éxito</a> (BVC: EXITO). Manzur Jattin has been president of the <a href="https://www.asocodis.org.co/"><em>Asociación Colombiana de Distribuidores de Energía Eléctrica</em></a> (Colombian Association of Electric Power Distributors, Asocodis) since 2006 and previously served as an expert commissioner of the <a href="https://www.creg.gov.co/"><em>Comisión de Regulación de Energía y Gas</em></a> (Energy and Gas Regulatory Commission, CREG). Vergara Rosales was named head of the <a href="https://www.supertransporte.gov.co/"><em>Superintendencia de Transporte</em></a> (Superintendency of Transportation), the agency announced on August 14. Martínez Zapatero is a lawyer who has held several public-sector advisory posts and currently manages the <a href="https://fundacionsevaliente.org/">Fundación Sé Valiente</a>. Lafaurie Taboada is a former head legal adviser and vice president of hydrocarbon contracts at the <a href="https://www.anh.gov.co/"><em>Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos</em></a> (National Hydrocarbons Agency, ANH) and is now legal vice president of CNE Oil &amp; Gas. El Tiempo also reported that Jorge Mario Velásquez, the former president of <a href="https://www.grupoargos.com/">Grupo Argos</a> (BVC: GRUPOARGOS) whom de la Espriella had named in July as a prospective director, was left off the slate.</p>
<p>The remaining three seats are filled under procedures set out in Article 20 rather than chosen directly by the ministry. Seat seven belongs to a representative elected by Ecopetrol’s employees; the company reports that César Eduardo Loza Arenas, a former president of the <a href="https://uso.org.co/"><em>Unión Sindical Obrera</em></a> (Workers’ Trade Union, USO), was previously elected under that procedure and has been nominated again. For seat eight, the governors of the hydrocarbon-producing departments where Ecopetrol operates reaffirmed Ricardo Rodríguez Yee in a communication received August 26. For seat nine, the minority shareholders with the largest holdings reaffirmed Luis Felipe Henao Cardona, the board’s current chairman and a former housing minister, in a communication received August 21.</p>
<p>The agenda also asks shareholders to instruct the board, including the one elected at the meeting, to bring the company’s director succession policy into line with the amended Article 20 and provides that any internal rule still requiring a minimum number of continuing directors will not apply to this election. Ecopetrol stated that its board and Corporate Governance and Sustainability Committee completed the verification of all candidates, so no dispensation from the succession policy’s review procedures will be needed.</p>
<p>The board reshuffle is unfolding alongside a turnover in senior management. At its August 31 meeting, Ecopetrol’s board accepted the departure of Sergio Andrés Moreno Acevedo as corporate vice president of science, technology and innovation and named Diana Marcela Acero Rojas, who manages that portfolio, to the post on an acting basis from September 1. The same meeting formalized the appointment of Henryk Manuel Porras Villamil, until then a project leader in the energy transition projects department, as acting executive vice president of energy transition from August 31, succeeding Ernesto Alfonso Gómez Cabarcas, who had held the job on an interim basis through August 30 and will take statutory leave before pursuing other opportunities. The company said permanent appointments will be disclosed when made.</p>
<p>Four days earlier, at its August 27 meeting, the board had <a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1444406/000129281426004383/ex99-1.htm">approved five other interim replacements</a> covering the vice presidencies of territorial transformation and health, safety and environment; administration and services; strategy and new business; and refining and industrial processes, as well as the corporate directorate of institutional relations and communications, with outgoing executives leaving August 30 and internal replacements taking over the next day. <a href="https://www.larepublica.co/economia/junta-directiva-de-ecopetrol-autorizo-cinco-cambios-en-la-alta-gerencia-desde-septiembre-4468837">La República</a> also reported management changes at the Ecopetrol subsidiary <a href="https://www.hocol.com.co/">Hocol</a>, where general manager Luis Eduardo Parra left on August 25.</p>
<p>Ahead of the vote, Ecopetrol <a href="https://files.ecopetrol.com.co/web/esp/aga-ext2-2026/medidas-accionistas-agae-esp.pdf">published the measures</a> it will apply to shareholder representation, as required by the <em>Circular Básica Jurídica</em> (Basic Legal Circular) of the <a href="https://www.superfinanciera.gov.co/"><em>Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia</em></a> (Financial Superintendency of Colombia). Proxies that do not meet the legal minimums or that fail to name the representative will be rejected, and none may be granted to Ecopetrol employees or to anyone tied to its management. Managers and employees are barred from suggesting proxy names, recommending a vote for any slate, or coordinating with shareholders on proposals or votes; the Corporate Legal Vice Presidency and the General Secretariat will review the powers of attorney.</p>
<p>The meeting is scheduled for 11 a.m. at Ecopetrol’s main building at Carrera 13 No. 36-24 in Bogotá, in person and streamed live on the company’s website, according to the <a href="https://files.ecopetrol.com.co/web/esp/aga-ext2-2026/aviso-convocatoria202608.pdf">convocation notice</a> the company published on August 28. Registration of shareholders and proxies opens at 9 a.m. Meeting documents, candidate profiles and acceptance letters are posted on the <a href="https://www.ecopetrol.com.co/wps/portal/Home/en/investors/general-shareholders-meeting/2026-second-extraordinary-shareholders-meeting">company’s investor site</a>.</p>
<p>Ecopetrol says it accounts for more than 60% of Colombia’s hydrocarbon production and holds 51.4% of the power transmission company <a href="https://isa.co/">ISA</a> (BVC: ISA). Finance Colombia reported in May that the company’s <a href="https://www.financecolombia.com/ecopetrol-posts-q1-ebitda-gain-as-refining-margins-surge-but-governance-crisis-and-tax-headwinds-weigh-on-net-income/">first-quarter results</a> were weighed down by lower crude prices and reduced output even as refining margins recovered.</p>
<p style="text-align: right;">Headline image: The six new nominees on the Nation’s slate for the Ecopetrol board, to be voted on September 15. (Photos courtesy Ecopetrol; composite: Finance Colombia)</p>
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		<item>
		<title>Colombia&#8217;s Ecopetrol Takes Control of Brazil&#8217;s Brava Energia in $1.2 Billion Deal</title>
		<link>https://www.financecolombia.com/colombias-ecopetrol-takes-control-of-brazils-brava-energia-in-1-2-billion-deal/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Loren Moss]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 03 Sep 2026 19:14:49 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Energy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[3r petroleum]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[abelardo de la espriella]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[B3]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[bogotá]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Brava Energia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[brazil]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cade]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[colombia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ecopetrol]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ecopetrol Capital AG]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ecopetrol Investimentos do Brasil]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Enauta Participações]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[energy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Fiscalía General de la Nación]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[foreign direct investment]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gustavo Petro]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Juan Carlos Hurtado Parra]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Luis Felipe Henao]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[mergers and acquisitions]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Oil and Gas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ricardo Roa Barragán]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[rio de janeiro]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.financecolombia.com/?p=38703</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Financed by an intercompany loan, the deal closed as Ecopetrol navigates a leadership shakeup at home....]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2>Colombia&#8217;s state oil major secures 51% control of Brazilian producer</h2>
<p><a href="https://www.ecopetrol.com.co/wps/portal/Home/en">Ecopetrol S.A.</a> (BVC: ECOPETROL; NYSE: EC) completed the acquisition of a controlling 51% stake in Brazilian oil and gas producer <a href="https://bravaenergia.com/en/">Brava Energia S.A.</a> (B3: BRAV3) on August 18, 2026, closing a transaction the company <a href="https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ecopetrol-completes-acquisition-of-a-controlling-51-stake-in-brava-energia-sa-and-strengthens-its-growth-platform-in-brazil-302853566.html">said in a statement</a> it valued at approximately $1.2 billion USD. The deal, carried out through Ecopetrol&#8217;s Brazilian subsidiary, Ecopetrol Investimentos do Brasil Ltda., gives Bogotá-based Ecopetrol control of a producer that reported 459 million barrels of oil equivalent (mmboe) in proved reserves as of December 31, 2025, and averaged 84,400 barrels of oil equivalent per day of production in June 2026.</p>
<p>The transaction closed through two mechanisms on Brazil&#8217;s <a href="https://www.b3.com.br/en_us/">B3 S.A. – Brasil, Bolsa, Balcão</a> exchange. Ecopetrol&#8217;s subsidiary settled and paid for a voluntary tender offer, or <em>Oferta Pública de Aquisição Voluntária</em> (OPAV), that it had won at <a href="https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ecopetrol-announces-successful-auction-result-for-the-acquisition-of-approximately-25-of-the-share-capital-of-brava-energia-sa-302844322.html">auction on August 5, 2026</a>, acquiring 116,110,717 common shares of Brava — roughly 25% of the company&#8217;s outstanding capital — at $23.00 BRL (about $4.49 USD) per share. Separately, it completed a share purchase agreement signed April 23, 2026, with a group of Brava shareholders holding an additional 26% of the company&#8217;s stock. That private agreement had been contingent on the tender offer securing the first 25% stake, a condition the August 5, 2026, auction satisfied.</p>
<p>Ecopetrol disclosed in its August 5, 2026, auction-result announcement that it financed the purchase through an intercompany loan: Ecopetrol Capital AG, a Swiss subsidiary, extended the funds to Ecopetrol Investimentos do Brasil under a short-term bridge facility governed by New York law. The company said it intends to refinance the facility later through a combination of long-term debt and equity.</p>
<p>By Ecopetrol&#8217;s own accounting, the price implies approximately $8.4 USD per barrel of Brava&#8217;s proved (1P) reserves and $6.3 USD per barrel on a proved-plus-probable (2P) basis, which Brava reported at 605 mmboe as of December 31, 2025. On a production basis, the deal values Brava&#8217;s output at roughly $45,700 USD per barrel of daily production.</p>
<p>Brava, headquartered in Rio de Janeiro, was formed in September 2024 through the merger of two independent Brazilian producers, 3R Petroleum Óleo e Gás S.A. and Enauta Participações S.A. For the 12 months ended June 30, 2026, the company reported revenue of approximately $2.341 billion USD, EBITDA of approximately $1.05 billion USD, and net income of approximately $122.2 million USD, according to its unaudited financial disclosures. Brazil&#8217;s antitrust authority, the <em><a href="https://www.gov.br/cade/pt-br">Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica</a></em> (CADE, the Administrative Council for Economic Defense), cleared the transaction without conditions in a decision that became final in mid-June 2026, according to Brazilian financial outlet <a href="https://www.infomoney.com.br/mercados/cade-aprova-aquisicao-do-controle-da-brava-energia-brav3-pela-ecopetrol/">InfoMoney</a>.</p>
<p>Luis Felipe Henao, president of Ecopetrol&#8217;s board of directors, framed the acquisition as a way to diversify into a jurisdiction with more favorable tax treatment than Colombia. &#8220;I hope this will be a great deal for Ecopetrol. Brava adds very important reserves for Colombia, but there is something very important here: it consolidates a market Ecopetrol was already working in. Brazil has a better tax rate and better taxes than Colombia does, which is why returns can be higher in that country,&#8221; Henao told <a href="https://www.larepublica.co/economia/ecopetrol-concreto-la-adquisicion-de-51-de-participacion-en-brava-energia-4460476">La República</a> as the transaction neared its close.</p>
<p>The purchase adds to Ecopetrol&#8217;s existing exploration and production interests in the United States&#8217; Permian Basin and Gulf of Mexico and in Mexico. Colombia&#8217;s national government owns roughly 88% of Ecopetrol; the remainder trades on the Colombian and New York exchanges.</p>
<p>The deal closed weeks into a leadership transition at Ecopetrol that coincided with Colombia&#8217;s own change of government: Abelardo de la Espriella was inaugurated president August 7, 2026, succeeding Gustavo Petro. Ricardo Roa Barragán, Ecopetrol&#8217;s former president, left the company July 30, 2026. Colombia&#8217;s <em><a href="https://www.fiscalia.gov.co/colombia/">Fiscalía General de la Nación</a></em> (Attorney General&#8217;s Office) had charged Roa in March 2026 with influence trafficking over a Bogotá apartment purchase and filed a formal indictment on that charge in June 2026, according to <a href="https://www.infobae.com/colombia/2026/06/09/fiscalia-radico-escrito-de-acusacion-contra-ricardo-roa-por-trafico-de-influencias-en-la-compra-de-lujoso-apartamento-en-bogota/">Infobae</a>; separately, prosecutors charged him in May 2026 with violating campaign-spending limits tied to Gustavo Petro&#8217;s 2022 presidential campaign, which Roa managed, according to a separate <a href="https://www.infobae.com/colombia/2026/05/11/la-fiscalia-imputo-a-ricardo-roa-por-violacion-de-los-topes-electorales-de-la-campana-de-gustavo-petro-el-presidente-de-ecopetrol-se-declaro-inocente/">Infobae</a> report. Roa has denied wrongdoing. Juan Carlos Hurtado Parra has served as Ecopetrol&#8217;s interim president since July 31, 2026, while the company&#8217;s board searches for a permanent successor.</p>
<p style="text-align: right;">Photo: Brava Energy (LinkedIn)</p>
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		<title>Ecopetrol Wins Auction to Take Control of Brazil’s Brava Energia</title>
		<link>https://www.financecolombia.com/ecopetrol-wins-auction-to-take-control-of-brazils-brava-energia/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Suzanne Latre]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 16 Aug 2026 22:48:14 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Energy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[B3]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[bolsa de valores de colombia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Brava Energia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Brava Energia acquisition]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[brazil]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Brazilian oil and gas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[bvc]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[colombia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Comissão de Valores Mobiliários]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CVM]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ecopetrol]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ecopetrol Investimentos do Brasil]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Energy Sector]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[international expansion]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[mergers and acquisitions]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[nyse]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Oil and Gas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[OPAV]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[tender offer]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.financecolombia.com/?p=38501</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ecopetrol completed its Brava Energia takeover auction on August 5, acquiring 25% and moving toward a 51% controlling stake in Brazil....]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2></h2>
<p class="isSelectedEnd"><a href="https://www.ecopetrol.com.co/wps/portal/">Ecopetrol S.A</a>. (BVC: ECOPETROL; NYSE: EC) has successfully completed the Brazilian tender offer that will allow the Colombian energy company to take control of <a href="https://bravaenergia.com/en/">Brava Energia S.A</a>. (B3: BRAV3), acquiring approximately 25% of the Brazilian oil and gas producer through an <a href="https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ecopetrol-announces-successful-auction-result-for-the-acquisition-of-approximately-25-of-the-share-capital-of-brava-energia-sa-302844322.html">August 5 auction</a> on the <a href="https://www.b3.com.br/en_us/">B3</a> exchange.</p>
<p class="isSelectedEnd">Ecopetrol&#8217;s Brazilian subsidiary, Ecopetrol Investimentos do Brasil Ltda., acquired 116,110,717 common shares at R$23 per share. The shares represent approximately 25% of Brava Energia&#8217;s issued and outstanding share capital. Ecopetrol said the auction attracted strong market demand and was completed after all applicable regulatory requirements and conditions precedent for the offer were satisfied.</p>
<blockquote>
<p class="isSelectedEnd">“We expect to disclose the results of the OPAV together with any other material developments related to the transaction.” &#8211; Ecopetrol S.A.</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="isSelectedEnd">The auction is the second major component of Ecopetrol&#8217;s plan to obtain a 51% controlling voting stake in Brava Energia. In April, Ecopetrol agreed to acquire approximately 26% of Brava from a group of significant shareholders through a separate share purchase agreement. Combining that transaction with the shares acquired through the OPAV is expected to give Ecopetrol approximately 51% of Brava&#8217;s voting share capital.</p>
<h3>CVM suspension cleared the way for the auction</h3>
<p class="isSelectedEnd">The successful auction follows a regulatory dispute that temporarily interrupted the transaction.</p>
<p class="isSelectedEnd">Brazil&#8217;s <a href="https://www.gov.br/cvm/pt-br">Comissão de Valores Mobiliários</a> (CVM) suspended the tender offer on June 16 after its technical division identified issues requiring adjustments to the offer documentation. The suspension initially threatened the planned June 25 auction.</p>
<p class="isSelectedEnd">Ecopetrol and the offer&#8217;s intermediary institution appealed the decision. On July 14, the CVM&#8217;s Collegiate Board granted the appeal, reversing the basis for the suspension and allowing the offer process to proceed following the required amendments.</p>
<p class="isSelectedEnd">Ecopetrol subsequently published a revised offer document on July 20 incorporating the regulator&#8217;s recommendations and reopened the OPAV. The revised timetable established August 5 as the auction date and August 17 as the financial settlement date.</p>
<p class="isSelectedEnd">The transaction also cleared another important condition before the auction. <a href="https://www.gov.br/cade/en/access-to-information/about-us">Brazil&#8217;s competition authority, CADE</a>, granted the relevant merger-control approval, which became final in June. The amended offer documentation also reflected waivers obtained from Brava&#8217;s debenture holders concerning the change of control.</p>
<h3>Ecopetrol targets a larger Brazilian oil and gas position</h3>
<p class="isSelectedEnd">The Brava transaction represents a bigger expansion of Ecopetrol&#8217;s position in Brazil, where the Colombian company has operated for approximately two decades.</p>
<p class="isSelectedEnd">Brava Energia was created in 2024 through the merger of 3R Petroleum Óleo e Gás and Enauta Participações. The company operates oil and natural gas assets across multiple Brazilian basins, including both offshore and onshore operations, as well as midstream activities. At the end of 2025, Brava reported approximately 459 million barrels of oil equivalent in reserves.</p>
<p class="isSelectedEnd">Ecopetrol said the acquisition is intended to strengthen its international exploration and production portfolio and diversify its reserve and production base. The company already holds Brazilian upstream interests, including a stake in the Gato do Mato development in the Santos Basin.</p>
<h3>Settlement will complete the control transaction</h3>
<p class="isSelectedEnd">Although the auction has been successfully completed, the transaction is not yet fully settled.</p>
<p class="isSelectedEnd">Ecopetrol said the OPAV shares will be paid for and settled on August 17, 2026. On the same date, the company expects to consummate the April share purchase agreement covering the approximately 26% stake held by the existing shareholder group, subject to completion of the remaining procedures required under the transaction agreements and applicable regulations.</p>
<p class="isSelectedEnd">Ecopetrol plans to initially finance the transaction through a short-term bridge facility arranged through Ecopetrol Capital AG. The company said it expects to refinance that facility through a combination of long-term debt and equity contributions, with the objective of maintaining a capital structure consistent with its leverage targets and credit ratings.</p>
<p class="isSelectedEnd">Once both components are completed, Ecopetrol is expected to hold approximately 51% of Brava Energia&#8217;s voting share capital, giving Colombia&#8217;s state-controlled energy company control of a major independent Brazilian oil and gas producer.</p>
<p>The successful August 5 auction therefore marks the key operational step in Ecopetrol&#8217;s planned takeover. The remaining milestone is financial settlement on August 17, after which the company expects the combined transactions to establish its controlling position in Brava Energia.</p>
<p style="text-align: right;">Headline photo: Ecopetrol headquarters in Colombia (Photo shared by Ecopetrol via their website)</p>
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		<title>Ecopetrol Convenes 2010 and 2013 Bondholders to Vote on Solar Park Merger</title>
		<link>https://www.financecolombia.com/ecopetrol-convenes-2010-and-2013-bondholders-to-vote-on-solar-park-merger/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Loren Moss]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 13 Aug 2026 17:40:19 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Energy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Alianza Valores Fiduciaria]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[bogotá]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[bolsa de valores de colombia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[bondholders meeting]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Colombia bonds]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Colombia energy sector]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[colombian pesos]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CPI-linked bonds]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[DECEVAL]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Decree 2555 of 2010]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Decree 398 of 2020]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ecopetrol]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[fitch ratings.colombia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Helm Fiduciaria]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Interconexión Eléctrica S.A]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[isa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Itau Fiduciaria Colombia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Law 222 of 1995]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[merger by absorption]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[new york stock exchange]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Parque Solar Porton del Sol]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.financecolombia.com/?p=38559</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Two shareholder-approved bond votes on August 18 will decide the fate of Ecopetrol's merger with its solar subsidiary....]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="https://www.ecopetrol.com.co/">Ecopetrol S.A.</a> (BVC: ECOPETROL; NYSE: EC) has called two bondholder meetings for August 18, 2026, to vote on absorbing Parque Solar Portón del Sol S.A.S., the 130-megawatt solar park Ecopetrol picked up in a portfolio purchase from Norway&#8217;s <a href="https://www.statkraft.com/">Statkraft</a> that closed November 13, 2025. The votes cover $894,750 million COP in outstanding local bonds and are required under Colombian securities rules whenever a merger affects existing bondholders.</p>
<p>Ecopetrol closed its purchase of Enerfín Colombia — the Statkraft renewables subsidiary that owns Portón del Sol — along with six other special-purpose solar entities totaling roughly 0.6 gigawatts, on November 13, 2025, for $157.5 million USD, part of a broader deal that also includes wind assets still pending closing. Announcing the sale in May 2025, Statkraft&#8217;s Executive Vice President for Europe, <a href="https://de.linkedin.com/in/barbara-flesche-62493a64">Barbara Flesche</a>, said: &#8220;The deal confirms that Enerfín has built a skilled team and an attractive portfolio in Colombia. We are looking forward to watching the business grow under new ownership.&#8221; Ecopetrol and Portón del Sol signed a merger commitment on March 5, 2026, and Ecopetrol&#8217;s shareholders approved the absorption at the General Shareholders&#8217; Meeting on March 27, 2026. The plant, located in La Dorada, in the department of Caldas, was Colombia&#8217;s first utility-scale solar plant and would fold entirely into Ecopetrol, which <a href="https://www.ecopetrol.com.co/wps/portal/Home/es/noticias/detalle/asamblea-de-accionistas-de-ecopetrol-aprobo-fusion-por-absorcion-de-parque-solar-porton-del-sol">has said</a> the move is meant to simplify management of its renewable-generation assets and capture tax and administrative efficiencies. Because Ecopetrol is the surviving entity, Article 6.4.1.1.42 of Decree 2555 of 2010 requires it to bring the transaction before a General Bondholders&#8217; Meeting for each outstanding local issuance before it can close.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.alianza.com.co/">Alianza Valores Fiduciaria S.A.</a> and <a href="https://banco.itau.co/web/corporate/negocios-especializados/itau-fiduciaria-colombia-s-a">Itaú Fiduciaria Colombia S.A.</a>, the legal representatives of Ecopetrol&#8217;s local bondholders, issued the meeting notices at Ecopetrol&#8217;s request under Article 6.4.1.1.18 of Decree 2555 of 2010, publishing them in the newspaper <a href="https://www.larepublica.co/">La República</a>.</p>
<p>Holders of the 2010 issuance, Series A (COC04CBVP023) — Colombian peso bonds indexed to the Consumer Price Index (CPI), placed December 1, 2010, maturing December 1, 2040, paying CPI plus 4.90%, with $284,300 million COP outstanding — meet at 2 p.m. Bogotá time. Attendance is in person at Carrera 37 No. 24-24, Centro de Innovación Bogotá, or virtually via <a href="https://asambleadebonosecopetrol2010.azurewebsites.net/">Ecopetrol&#8217;s 2010 bondholder platform</a>, hosted on the electronic system of <a href="https://www.deceval.com.co/">Deceval S.A.</a> (Depósito Centralizado de Valores de Colombia), Colombia&#8217;s central securities depository. Besides voting on the merger itself, that meeting will hear Alianza Fiduciaria&#8217;s opinion on the transaction and a reading of the opinion issued by <a href="https://www.fitchratings.com/">Fitch Ratings Colombia S.A.S.</a>, and will delegate the appointment of a chairperson and secretary to the Bondholders&#8217; Representatives under Legal Circular 006 of 2025 from the <em><a href="https://www.superfinanciera.gov.co/">Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia</a></em> (Financial Superintendency of Colombia).</p>
<p>Holders of the 2013 issuance (COC04CBVP007) — also CPI-linked pesos, placed August 27, 2013, split into a 15-year tranche maturing 2028 at CPI plus 4.90% ($347,500 million COP outstanding) and a 30-year tranche maturing 2043 at CPI plus 5.15% ($262,950 million COP outstanding) — meet at the same venue at 3:30 p.m., or virtually via <a href="https://asambleadebonosecopetrol2013.azurewebsites.net/">Ecopetrol&#8217;s 2013 bondholder platform</a>. That meeting follows a similar agenda, with two differences: bondholders appoint their own chairperson and secretary directly rather than delegating the task, and the opinion on the merger comes from Itaú Fiduciaria Colombia S.A. (formerly Helm Fiduciaria S.A.) rather than Alianza.</p>
<p>Both meetings are convened under Article 19 of Law 222 of 1995 and Decree 398 of 2020, Colombia&#8217;s rules governing virtual corporate meetings. Requirements for participating are posted on <a href="https://www.ecopetrol.com.co/wps/portal/Home/es/Inversionistas/asamblea-de-tenedores-de-bonos-2026">Ecopetrol&#8217;s investor relations site</a>.</p>
<p>The bondholder votes follow other recent debt moves at Ecopetrol, which in April 2026 <a href="https://www.financecolombia.com/ecopetrol-refinances-1-25-billion-usd-in-debt-and-finalizes-state-subsidy-settlement/">refinanced $1.25 billion USD in external debt</a> and closed a separate state subsidy settlement. Ecopetrol employs more than 19,000 people and, besides oil and gas production and refining, holds a 51.4% stake in <a href="https://www.isa.co/en/">Interconexión Eléctrica S.A. (ISA)</a> (BVC: ISA), giving it interests in regional power transmission, the Barranquilla-Cartagena highway concession, and, through <a href="https://www.xm.com.co/">XM</a>, administration of Colombia&#8217;s wholesale electricity market.</p>
<p style="text-align: right;">Above image: Gas well Orca Norte -1. Photo: Ecopetrol</p>
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		<title>NOVVA Group Acquires 37.8 MW Colombian Solar Portfolio from ABO Energy</title>
		<link>https://www.financecolombia.com/novva-group-acquires-37-8-mw-colombian-solar-portfolio-from-abo-energy/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Elle F. Yap]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 28 Jul 2026 12:06:11 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Energy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ABO Energy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Alternative Energy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Clean energy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Colombia Energy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ingo Burdack-Debes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[NOVVA]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[renewable energy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Solar Energy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[solar energy expansion]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[solar farm]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[solar power]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[solar proejct]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Steven Liu]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.financecolombia.com/?p=38081</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[German renewables developer ABO Energy announced their partnership with clean energy manufacturer NOVVA to create solar farms in Colombia....]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2>The partnership ensures the continued progress of renewable energy resources in Colombia.</h2>
<p><a href="https://novvaglobal.com/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">NOVVA Group</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, a Singapore-based clean energy infrastructure platform, has signed a definitive agreement to acquire a Colombian solar portfolio from</span><a href="https://www.abo-energy.com/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">ABO Energy</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, the German renewables developer announced June 22.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The portfolio comprises three advanced-stage solar projects with a combined installed capacity of 37.8 MWac, located in the Andean highlands of central Colombia. The projects have secured grid connection approvals and long-term land lease agreements; commercial operation is targeted for early 2028.</span></p>
<div id="attachment_38084" style="width: 542px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="https://www.financecolombia.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/Solar-Energy-solarpanal355-via-Pixabay-1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-38084" class="wp-image-38084" src="https://www.financecolombia.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/Solar-Energy-solarpanal355-via-Pixabay-1.jpg" alt="Solar panels arranged together in a solar farm. " width="532" height="319" srcset="https://www.financecolombia.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/Solar-Energy-solarpanal355-via-Pixabay-1.jpg 800w, https://www.financecolombia.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/Solar-Energy-solarpanal355-via-Pixabay-1-417x250.jpg 417w, https://www.financecolombia.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/Solar-Energy-solarpanal355-via-Pixabay-1-768x461.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 532px) 100vw, 532px" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-38084" class="wp-caption-text">The NOVVA deal by ABO Energy showcases the Singaporean company&#8217;s expansion strategy. Stock photo by Solar Energy/solarpanal355 via Pixabay.</p></div>
<h2>A &#8216;Milestone&#8217; in Energy Expansion</h2>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">NOVVA describes the acquisition as a milestone in its Latin American expansion, citing Colombia&#8217;s accelerating demand for clean power driven by digital transformation and industrial modernization. The government&#8217;s 2024–2031 National AI Roadmap targets AI adoption across 50% of enterprises and public-sector institutions, the company said.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">&#8220;Colombia is exactly the kind of market Novva is built to serve. By combining specialized financing with global delivery expertise, we are accelerating the local energy transition and laying the green power foundation that tomorrow&#8217;s digital economy and high-growth industries will rely on,&#8221; said</span><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/steven-liu-7748b3375/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">Steven Liu</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, Founder and CEO of NOVVA Group.</span></p>
<p><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/ingo-burdack-debes-6504981a/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Ingo Burdack-Debes</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, General Manager at ABO Energy, said the transaction advances high-quality assets with a partner capable of executing on financing and construction. &#8220;Their financing and execution capabilities make them an ideal partner to take the projects forward, driving local growth and accelerating Colombia&#8217;s clean energy transition,&#8221; he said.</span></p>
<h2>NOVVA Expands Into Multiple Markets</h2>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Colombian deal follows NOVVA&#8217;s recent acquisition of a 120 MWp solar project in the Philippines, expanding its footprint across emerging markets in Southeast Asia and Latin America. NOVVA Group Pte. Ltd. originates, finances, builds, and operates clean energy assets across both regions.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">ABO Energy is headquartered in Wiesbaden, Germany, and develops wind, solar, storage, and hydrogen projects globally, managing the full project lifecycle from site assessment through long-term operations.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: right;">Headline image stock photo by Sebastian Ganso via Pixabay<strong>.</strong></p>
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